Light emitting diodes and associated methods of manufacturing

ABSTRACT

Light emitting diodes and associated methods of manufacturing are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a light emitting diode (LED) includes a substrate, a semiconductor material carried by the substrate, and an active region proximate to the semiconductor material. The semiconductor material has a first surface proximate to the substrate and a second surface opposite the first surface. The second surface of the semiconductor material is generally non-planar, and the active region generally conforms to the non-planar second surface of the semiconductor material.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology is directed generally to light emitting diodes (LEDs) and associated methods of manufacturing.

BACKGROUND

Mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, MP3 players, and other portable electronic devices utilize LEDs for background illumination. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram of a portion of a conventional indium-gallium nitride (InGaN) LED 10. As shown in FIG. 1, the LED 10 includes a silicon substrate 12, an optional buffer material 13 (e.g., aluminum nitride), an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material 14, an InGaN material 16, and a P-type GaN material 18 on top of one another in series. The LED 10 also includes a first contact 20 on the P-type GaN material 18 and a second contact 22 on the N-type GaN material 14.

One drawback of the LED 10 in FIG. 1 is that the surface area of the N-type GaN material 14 is limited, and thus only a limited amount of InGaN material 16 may be formed thereon. The limited surface area of the N-type GaN material 14 thus may limit the total power output of the LED 10. Also, the planar surface of the LED 10 may limit the light extraction efficiency of the LED 10 because it is believed that the light extraction efficiency may be generally enhanced via surface texturing and/or roughening. Accordingly, several improvements in increasing the light extraction efficiency of LEDs may be desirable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an LED in accordance with the prior art.

FIGS. 2A-2D are cross-sectional views of a portion of a microelectronic substrate undergoing a process of forming an LED in accordance with embodiments of the technology.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are examples of top views of a portion of a microelectronic substrate undergoing the process of forming an LED shown in FIGS. 2A-2D in accordance with embodiments of the technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of microelectronic substrates having LEDs formed thereon and associated methods of manufacturing are described below. The term “microelectronic substrate” is used throughout to include substrates upon which and/or in which microelectronic devices, micromechanical devices, data storage elements, read/write components, and other features are fabricated. A person skilled in the relevant art will also understand that the technology may have additional embodiments, and that the technology may be practiced without several of the details of the embodiments described below with reference to FIGS. 2A-3B.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views of a portion of a microelectronic substrate 100 undergoing a process of forming an LED in accordance with embodiments of the technology. In the illustrated embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the microelectronic substrate 100 includes a single crystalline silicon (Si) material. In other embodiments, the microelectronic substrate 100 may include sapphire (Al₂O₃), silicon carbide (SiC), and/or other suitable substrate materials in addition to or in lieu of a silicon material.

As shown in FIG. 2A, an optional initial stage of the process can include depositing a buffer material 102 (shown in phantom lines for clarity) on a surface 101 of the microelectronic substrate 100. In the following description, the microelectronic substrate 100 includes a silicon substrate for illustration purposes. In other embodiments, the microelectronic substrate 100 can also include sapphire (Al₂O₃), silicon carbide (SiC), and/or other suitable substrate materials.

In one embodiment, the buffer material 102 includes aluminum nitride (AlN) formed on the surface 101 via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and/or other suitable techniques. In other embodiments, the buffer material 102 can include aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) and/or other suitable buffer materials deposited via spin coating, CVD, ALD, and/or other suitable deposition techniques. In further embodiments, the buffer material 102 may be omitted.

The process can then include forming a first semiconductor material on the optional buffer material 102. In the following description, an N-type GaN material is used as an example of the first semiconductor material. In other embodiments, the first semiconductor material can include a P-type GaN material and/or other suitable cladding materials. Techniques for forming an N-type GaN material 114 can include metal organic CVD (MOCVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), and/or other suitable techniques. As shown in FIG. 2A, the N-type GaN material 114 has a first surface 114 a proximate to the buffer material 102 and a second surface 114 b opposite the first surface 114 a. The second surface 114 b is generally planar at this stage of the process.

As shown in FIG. 2B, the process can include converting the generally planar second surface 114 b of the N-type GaN material 114 into a textured surface 114 c that is at least partially non-planar. In one embodiment, converting the generally planar second surface 114 b to the textured surface 114 c can include applying an etchant to the second surface 114 b of the N-type GaN material 114. The etchant can include an aqueous solution that contains at least one of phosphorous acid (H₃PO₄), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and/or other suitable etchant or a mixture thereof.

The etchant may then react with the N-type GaN material 114 such that a plurality of indentations 116 may be formed relative to the original elevation of the second surface 114 b (shown in phantom in FIG. 2B). As a result, the textured surface 114 c can have a roughness greater than that of the second surface 114 b. The indentations 116 can individually have sloped surfaces 117 a and 117 b that converge toward the microelectronic substrate 100.

In the illustrated embodiment, the plurality of indentations 116 can have a corrugated profile in FIG. 2B with a variable depth d from the original elevation of the second surface 114 b. In one embodiment, a root-mean-square (RMS) d_(RMS) of the depth d of the indentations 116 can be about 0.05 microns to about 3 microns, as defined below:

$d_{RMS} = \sqrt{\frac{d_{1}^{2} + d_{2}^{2} + \ldots + d_{n}^{2}}{n}}$

where n is a number of the indentations 116. In other embodiments, the RMS of the depth d can have other suitable values. In further embodiments, the textured surface 114 c may also include at least one generally planar portion (not shown) between two adjacent indentations 116.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the etchant may remove material from the N-type GaN material 114 along lattice planes because of bonding energy differences in the GaN lattice structure. FIG. 2C is an enlarged schematic view of a portion of a lattice boundary for the N-type GaN material 114 in FIG. 2B. As shown in FIG. 2C, at the lattice boundary, the N-type GaN material 114 may include a Wurtzite lattice structure 120 in which layers of Ga and N atoms are bound together in hexagonal cells 118. The N-type GaN material 114 also includes a plurality of defects or dislocations 122 associated with the lattice structure 120. The dislocations 122 may include edge dislocations, screw dislocations, and/or a combination thereof. The dislocations 122 and the lattice structure 120 together define the textured surface 114 c of the N-type GaN material 114.

It is believed that atoms (e.g., Ga or N atoms) associated with the dislocations 122 have lower bonding energy because these atoms are not bound on all sides to neighboring atoms like those in the lattice structure 120. As a result, when the etchant (generally designated by the arrows 124) contacts the boundary of the N-type GaN material 114, the etchant preferentially removes materials (e.g., Ga, N, or both) from the dislocations 122 instead of the lattice structure 120. Accordingly, the etchant can at least reduce the number of dislocations 122 at the lattice boundary of the N-type GaN material 114 and can form a lattice plane 128 along the lattice structure 120.

It is also believed that several factors may be adjusted to influence the non-planar area on the textured surface 114 c of the N-type GaN material 114 as well as the shape, dimension, and/or other characteristics of the indentations 116. For example, the factors may include a thickness of the microelectronic substrate 100, the period of time the etchant contacts the N-type GaN material 114, an average percentage of defect of the N-type GaN material 114, the etchant concentration, an operating temperature, and/or other suitable factors. Thus, an operator may adjust at least one of the foregoing factors such that the textured surface 114 c is completely non-planar or only partially non-planar.

It is further believed that the defect characteristics of the N-type GaN material 114 may influence the distribution, overlap, dimensions, and/or other characteristics of the indentations 116 on the textured surface 114 c of the N-type GaN material 114. As a result, the operator may control the distribution, overlap, dimensions, and/or other characteristics of the indentations 116 by controlling the defect characteristics of the N-type GaN material 114 by, e.g., annealing the formed N-type GaN material 114 or forming the N-type GaN material 114 with MBE, LPE, and/or other deposition techniques.

As shown in FIG. 2D, the process can include forming an LED structure 130 on the microelectronic substrate 100 by forming an active region and a second semiconductor material in series on the microelectronic substrate 100. In the illustrated embodiment, the active region includes an InGaN material and/or an InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (hereinafter collectively referred to as the InGaN material 132), and the second semiconductor material includes a P-type GaN material 134 (e.g., magnesium doped). The InGaN material 132 and the P-type GaN material 134 generally conform to the N-type GaN material 114. In other embodiments, at least one of the InGaN material 132 and the P-type GaN material 134 can at least partially coalesce on the N-type GaN material 114 (e.g., by joining neighboring portions of the same material). As a result, at least one of the InGaN material 132 and the P-type GaN material 134 may have a generally planar surface. In further embodiments, the process can also include forming a mirror layer (e.g., aluminum, not shown) and a support structure (e.g., a silicon and/or silicon oxide material, not shown) on the LED structure 130. In yet further embodiments, the process can include optionally cleaning the microelectronic substrate 100 with the N-type GaN material 114 with deionized water, a dilute solution of ammonium hydroxide, and/or other suitable cleaning agents.

Several embodiments of the process discussed above with reference to FIGS. 2A-2D can increase the amount of light generated from the LED structure 130 because the indentations 116 can increase the area upon which the InGaN material 132 may be formed. As a result, the surface area of the quantum wells per area of the N-type GaN material 114 may be increased compared to the prior art structure shown in FIG. 1.

Even though the LED structure 130 is discussed above as having the N-type GaN material 114, the InGaN material 132, and the P-type GaN material 134, in other embodiments, forming the LED structure 130 can also include depositing at least one of gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP), gallium(III) phosphide (GaP), zinc selenide (ZnSe), boron nitride (BN), aluminum nitride (AlN), aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), aluminum gallium indium nitride (AlGaInN), and/or other suitable semiconductor materials.

Experiments were conducted based on several embodiments of the process discussed above with reference to FIGS. 2A-2D. FIGS. 3A and 3B are examples of top views of a portion of a microelectronic substrate 100 after converting the second surface 114 b of the N-type GaN material 114 into an at least partially non-planar textured surface. As shown in both FIGS. 3A and 3B, the indentations 116 individually include an inverted pyramid shape with a hexagonal base and six sloped triangular surfaces 146 along lattice planes of the N-type GaN material 114 that converge at an apex 144. Two adjacent surfaces 146 form a generally linear edge 142. The indentations 116 can have different sizes (e.g., a base perimeter, a depth, etc.) and may also overlap with one another.

The indentations 116 can also occupy different amounts of area on the textured surface 114 c. As shown in FIG. 3A, the textured surface 114 c of the N-type GaN material 114 is completely non-planar because the indentations 116 occupy generally the entire area of the textured surface 114 c. In contrast, as shown in FIG. 3B, the textured surface 114 c of the N-type GaN material 114 is only partially non-planar as the textured surface 114 c includes planar areas 148 that do not include any indentations 116.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the technology. For example, even though converting the generally planar second surface 114 b of the N-type GaN material 114 is discussed above as utilizing a wet chemistry, in other embodiments, the generally planar second surface 114 b of the N-type GaN material 114 may also be converted by utilizing reactive ion etch, physical sputtering, and/or other suitable material removal techniques. Such techniques may be integrated with the GaN/InGaN material deposition process (e.g., within a MOCVD chamber) to enable in-situ sequential epitaxial growth/etching/epitaxial growth without breaking vacuum. In other embodiments, these material removal techniques may be implemented independent of the GaN/InGaN material deposition process. Many of the elements of one embodiment may be combined with other embodiments in addition to or in lieu of the elements of the other embodiments. Accordingly, the technology is not limited except as by the appended claims. 

1. A method for forming a light emitting diode (LED) on a substrate, comprising: depositing a semiconductor material on the substrate, the semiconductor material having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the first surface being in direct contact with the substrate, the second surface being generally planar; converting the second surface of the semiconductor material to an at least partially non-planar textured surface; and forming an active region of the LED on the at least partially non-planar textured surface of the semiconductor material.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material includes an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; depositing the semiconductor material includes forming the N-type GaN material on the substrate via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), the formed N-type GaN material having the generally planar second surface and a plurality of crystal dislocations and corresponding crystal planes proximate to the second surface; converting the second surface includes removing at least a portion of the crystal dislocations from the corresponding crystal planes; and exposing at least some of the crystal planes at the textured surface of the N-type GaN material; the adjacent crystal planes form an inverted pyramid shape having a hexagonal base, the inverted pyramid shape extending into the substrate from the textured surface to a depth; the method further includes adjusting a process parameter to achieve a desired depth of the inverted pyramid shape; and forming an active region includes depositing an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material and a P-type GaN material on the exposed crystal planes of the N-type GaN material via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), the InGaN and P-type GaN materials having surfaces generally conforming to the non-planar textured surface.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material includes an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; depositing the semiconductor material includes forming the N-type GaN material on the substrate, the formed N-type GaN material having the generally planar second surface and a plurality of crystal dislocations and corresponding crystal planes proximate to the second surface; and converting the second surface includes removing at least some of the dislocations from the corresponding crystal planes such that at least some of the crystal planes are exposed via the textured surface.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material includes a gallium nitride (GaN) material; depositing the semiconductor material includes forming the N-type GaN material on the substrate, the formed N-type GaN material having the generally planar second surface and a plurality of crystal dislocations and corresponding crystal planes proximate to the second surface; converting the second surface includes removing at least some of the dislocations from the crystal planes such that at least some of the crystal planes are exposed at the textured surface; and forming an active region includes depositing an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material on the exposed crystal planes of the GaN material via epitaxial growth.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material includes an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; depositing the semiconductor material includes forming the N-type GaN material on the substrate via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), the formed N-type GaN material having first gallium (Ga) and/or nitrogen (N) atoms at a plurality of crystal dislocations proximate to the second surface and second Ga and/or N atoms in a crystal lattice structure at least partially covered by the crystal dislocations; and converting the second surface includes removing the first Ga and/or N atoms from the crystal dislocations without removing the second Ga and/or N atoms from the crystal lattice structure.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material includes an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; depositing the semiconductor material includes forming the N-type GaN material on the substrate via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), the formed N-type GaN material having first gallium (Ga) and/or nitrogen (N) atoms at a plurality of crystal dislocations proximate to the second surface and second Ga and/or N atoms in a crystal lattice structure at least partially covered by the crystal dislocations; and converting the second surface includes: removing the first Ga and/or N atoms from the crystal dislocations at a first rate; and removing the second Ga and/or N atoms from the crystal lattice structure at a second rate; and the first rate is higher than the second rate.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material includes an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; depositing the semiconductor material includes forming the N-type GaN material on the substrate via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), the formed N-type GaN material having first gallium (Ga) and/or nitrogen (N) atoms with a first bonding energy and second Ga and/or N atoms with a second bonding energy higher than the first bonding energy; and converting the second surface includes removing the first Ga and/or N atoms with the first bonding energy without removing the second Ga and/or N atoms with the second bonding energy.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material includes an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; depositing the semiconductor material includes forming the N-type GaN material on the substrate via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), the formed N-type GaN material having a plurality of crystal dislocations and corresponding crystal planes proximate to the second surface; and converting the second surface includes removing material from the second surface of the N-type GaN material and forming a plurality of indentations individually having an inverted pyramid shape with a hexagonal base.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material includes an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; depositing the semiconductor material includes forming the N-type GaN material on the substrate via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), the formed N-type GaN material having a plurality of crystal dislocations and corresponding crystal planes proximate to the second surface; converting the second surface includes removing material from the second surface of the N-type GaN material and forming a plurality of indentations individually having an inverted pyramid shape with a hexagonal base; and at least one of the inverted pyramids overlaps with other inverted pyramids.
 10. A method for forming a light emitting diode (LED) on a substrate, comprising: forming a gallium nitride (GaN) material on the substrate, the GaN material having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the first surface being in direct contact with the substrate, the second surface being generally planar; treating the second surface of the GaN material with an etchant; and depositing an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material on the treated second surface of the GaN material.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein forming the GaN material on the substrate includes depositing an N-type GaN material via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on the substrate; treating the second surface of the GaN material includes contacting the second surface of the N-type GaN material with a solution of at least one of phosphorous acid (H₃PO₄) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), thereby forming a third surface with a roughness higher than that of the second surface; and the method further includes adjusting at least one of a concentration of the etchant, a reaction time, and a reaction temperature to achieve a desired roughness of the third surface.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein forming the GaN material on the substrate includes depositing an N-type GaN material via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on the substrate; and treating the second surface of the GaN material includes contacting the second surface of the N-type GaN material with a solution of at least one of phosphorous acid (H₃PO₄) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), thereby forming a third surface with a larger surface area upon which the InGaN material is deposited than the second surface.
 13. The method of claim 10 wherein forming the GaN material on the substrate includes depositing an N-type GaN material via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on the substrate, the second surface of the deposited N-type GaN material being generally planar; treating the textured surface of the GaN material includes contacting the textured surface of the N-type GaN material with a solution of at least one of phosphorous acid (H₃PO₄) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), thereby rendering the N-type GaN material at least partially non-planar; and the method further includes adjusting at least one of a concentration of the etchant, a reaction time, and a reaction temperature to achieve a desired area of the non-planar N-type GaN material.
 14. The method of claim 10 wherein forming the GaN material on the substrate includes depositing an N-type GaN material via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on the substrate, the second surface of the deposited N-type GaN material being generally planar; treating the second surface of the GaN material includes contacting the second surface of the N-type GaN material with a solution of at least one of phosphorous acid (H₃PO₄) and potassium hydroxide (KOH); and the method further includes adjusting at least one of a concentration of the etchant, a reaction time, and a reaction temperature such that the N-type GaN material is substantially completely non-planar.
 15. The method of claim 10 wherein forming the GaN material on the substrate includes depositing an N-type GaN material via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on the substrate; treating the second surface of the GaN material includes contacting the second surface of the N-type GaN material with a solution of at least one of phosphorous acid (H₃PO₄) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), thereby creating a plurality of indentations in the N-type GaN material; and the method further includes adjusting at least one of a concentration of the etchant, a reaction time, and a reaction temperature to achieve a desired average dimension of the indentations.
 16. The method of claim 10 wherein forming the GaN material on the substrate includes depositing an N-type GaN material via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on the substrate; treating the second surface of the GaN material includes contacting the second surface of the N-type GaN material with a solution of at least one of phosphorous acid (H₃PO₄) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), thereby creating a plurality of indentations in the N-type GaN material, the individual indentations having a depth relative to the second surface; and the method further includes adjusting at least one of a concentration of the etchant, a reaction time, and a reaction temperature to achieve a desired root-mean-square of the depths of the indentations.
 17. A light emitting diode (LED), comprising: a substrate; a semiconductor material carried by the substrate, the semiconductor material having a first surface proximate to the substrate and a second surface opposite the first surface, the second surface of the semiconductor material being generally non-planar; and an active region proximate to the semiconductor material, the active region generally conforming to the non-planar second surface of the semiconductor material.
 18. The LED of claim 17 wherein: the substrate includes a silicon wafer; the semiconductor material is a first semiconductor material containing an N-type gallium nitride (GaN); the non-planar second surface of the N-type GaN material includes a plurality of indentations, the individual indentations having an inverted pyramid shape with a hexagonal base, at least some of the pyramid shapes including six adjacent crystal planes of the N-type GaN material, the adjacent crystal planes extending into the N-type GaN material and being joined at an apex; the active region includes an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material, at least a portion of the InGaN material being on the crystal planes of the N-type GaN material; and the LED further includes a second semiconductor material containing a P-type GaN material.
 19. The LED of claim 17 wherein: the substrate includes a silicon wafer; the semiconductor material contains a gallium nitride (GaN) material; the non-planar surface of the semiconductor material includes a plurality of crystal planes of the GaN material at the second surface; and the active region includes an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material, at least a portion of the InGaN material being directly bonded to the crystal planes of the GaN material.
 20. The LED of claim 17 wherein: the substrate includes a silicon wafer; the semiconductor material contains an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; the non-planar surface of the semiconductor material includes a plurality of crystal planes of the N-type GaN material at the second surface; the active region includes an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material, at least a portion of the InGaN material being directly bonded to the crystal planes of the N-type GaN material via epitaxial growth; and the LED further includes a P-type GaN material bonded to the InGaN material of the active region via epitaxial growth.
 21. The LED of claim 17 wherein: the substrate includes a silicon wafer; the semiconductor material contains an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material; the non-planar surface of the semiconductor material includes a plurality of crystal planes of the N-type GaN material at the second surface, six of the adjacent crystal planes converging at an apex to form an inverted pyramid shape; the active region includes an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material, at least a portion of the InGaN material being directly bonded to the crystal planes of the N-type GaN material via epitaxial growth; and the LED further includes a P-type GaN material bonded to the InGaN material of the active region via epitaxial growth. 